V2.0 Mainnet · Proof-of-Behavior · 400ms Blocks

The World's First
AI-Native
Alternative Financial Infrastructure

Post-quantum cryptography, atomic-precision timing, RF-resilient consensus, and an AI-native agent programming language — engineered for the next century of finance.

ProbeChain
400ms
Block Time (StellarSpeed)
10B PROBE
Total Supply
Post-Quantum
ML-DSA / Falcon-512 / SLH-DSA
142857
Chain ID
Four Pillars

Engineered from Physics Upward

ProbeChain is not an incremental improvement. It is a complete paradigm departure — rebuilding distributed ledger technology from the laws of physics upward.

Post-Quantum Cryptography

Native CRYSTALS-Dilithium (ML-DSA) signatures at the consensus layer. Falcon-512, SLH-DSA (SPHINCS+) verification opcodes in the VM. Every transaction is quantum-safe by default.

Atomic-Precision Timing

AtomicTime nanosecond timestamps (17-byte precision) with GPS, GNSS, Cesium, Rubidium, and Crystal clock sources. Sub-microsecond ordering guarantees even across continents.

Rydberg RF Consensus

RadioEncap protocol spans HF through THz bands with Rydberg atomic receivers. Block propagation continues even when the entire internet is down — resilience at the physics layer.

AI-Native Agents

The PROBE Language — an agent-first programming language with linear types, a register-based VM (256 registers, 64-bit words), and native PQC crypto opcodes. Built for AI agents to write, verify, and execute.

Core Technology

Beyond Conventional Blockchain

Four breakthrough technologies that make ProbeChain the most resilient financial infrastructure ever engineered.

Cryptography

Post-Quantum Digital Signatures

ProbeChain completely abandons elliptic curve cryptography. All account ownership proofs and asset transfers are secured by NIST-standardized CRYSTALS-Dilithium lattice-based signatures, protected by SVP and LWE mathematical hardness.

ML-DSA (Dilithium) Falcon-512 SLH-DSA (SPHINCS+) NIST FIPS 204/206
Timing

AtomicTime Nanosecond Precision

Every block carries a 17-byte AtomicTime timestamp with nanosecond precision and light-delay compensation. Five clock sources (GPS, GNSS, Cesium, Rubidium, Crystal) provide cross-validated timing even in contested environments.

17-byte timestamps 5 clock sources Light-delay compensation Cross-continental sync
t₀ = 0ns
t₁ = 400ms
t₂ = 800ms
t₃ = 1200ms
Communication

RadioEncap RF Block Propagation

The RadioEncap protocol encapsulates blocks for transmission across six RF bands — from HF (3-30 MHz) to THz. Rydberg atomic receivers achieve quantum-limited sensitivity. When fiber and satellite fail, consensus continues over radio.

HF / VHF / UHF / SHF / EHF / THz Reed-Solomon FEC CRC32 framing Rydberg receivers
Consensus

StellarSpeed: 400ms Block Production

Proof-of-Behavior consensus with five-dimension behavioral scoring (liveness, correctness, cooperation, consistency, signal sovereignty). Pipelined block production with reduced ACK quorum achieves sub-second transaction finality.

400ms tick interval Pipelined validation 5-dimension scoring Score-based slashing
Propose
Validate
ACK
Finalize (400ms)
Ecosystem

Infrastructure for the Next Century

Three core products that demonstrate what Stellar-Class infrastructure enables.

01

Probe Terminal

Professional-grade trading terminal with AI agent integration, post-quantum secure authentication, and direct Superlight DEX access.

InterfaceWebSocket + gRPC
Latency< 10ms
AuthenticationML-DSA
02

Superlight DEX

Native on-chain decentralized exchange with dedicated transaction type. Zero MEV by design — order execution is deterministic and verifiable.

Settlement400ms
Order TypeLimit / Market / Conditional
MEV ProtectionNative
03

Smart Physical Nodes

Hardware validators with integrated Rydberg receivers, atomic clocks, and RF transceivers. Deploy anywhere — from data centers to mountain peaks.

Clock SourceCesium / Rubidium
RF RangeHF — THz
Uptime Target99.999%

Protocol Architecture

Five-layer stack from physical resilience to AI agent execution

L4PROBE Language + AI AgentsVM, Compiler, stdlib
L3Superlight DEX + DeFiNative order matching
L2PoB Consensus + StellarSpeed400ms blocks, 5D scoring
L1Core Chain + StateMPT, RLP, PROBE token
L0Physical Layer (RadioEncap + AtomicTime)RF bands, atomic clocks
Use Cases

Built for Scenarios Others Can't Serve

ProbeChain's unique combination of post-quantum security, sub-second finality, and RF resilience enables use cases no other blockchain can address.

🛡️

Disaster-Resilient Finance

When earthquakes, hurricanes, or conflict sever fiber optic cables and satellite links, ProbeChain's RadioEncap protocol maintains financial settlement over HF/VHF radio. Emergency payments, insurance claims, and supply chain tracking continue operating through Rydberg atomic receivers.

RadioEncapRydberg RFEmergency Finance
🚀

Interplanetary Settlement

AtomicTime's nanosecond timestamps with light-delay compensation enable precise transaction ordering across Earth-Moon and Earth-Mars distances. The first blockchain designed to handle relativistic time dilation for space commerce and inter-colony resource allocation.

AtomicTimeLight-DelaySpace Commerce
🤖

AI Agent Marketplace

PROBE Language's first-class agent primitives (spawn, send, recv) let AI agents autonomously discover services, negotiate prices, and execute trades. Linear types guarantee resource safety — tokens can't be duplicated or lost, even by buggy agents. Native PQC keeps agent-to-agent payments quantum-safe.

PROBE LanguageAgent PrimitivesLinear Types
🔐

Post-Quantum Digital Identity

Government-grade digital identity secured by ML-DSA (Dilithium) signatures that will remain safe for decades. Unlike ECDSA-based systems, ProbeChain identities are immune to quantum computer attacks. Ideal for national ID systems, professional credentials, and long-term legal records.

ML-DSAQuantum-SafeDigital ID

Real-Time Micropayments

400ms block finality enables true real-time streaming payments. Pay-per-second content streaming, IoT device metering, API call billing, and gaming micro-transactions — all settled on-chain with sub-second confirmation. The Superlight DEX handles atomic swaps natively.

StellarSpeed400ms FinalityStreaming Pay
🏦

Sovereign Off-Grid Banking

Remote communities, maritime vessels, and disaster zones can run full validator nodes with Smart Physical Nodes. Rydberg RF transceivers provide long-range connectivity without internet infrastructure. Financial sovereignty without dependence on centralized telecom or cloud providers.

Smart Physical NodesOff-GridFinancial Sovereignty
For Developers

Build, Deploy, Verify

Everything you need to build on ProbeChain — from quick start guides to the PROBE Language compiler pipeline.

Quick Start

Get a ProbeChain node running in under 5 minutes.

bash
# Clone and build
$ git clone https://github.com/ProbeChain/go-probe.git
$ cd go-probe/go-probe-master
$ make gprobe

# Start the node
$ ./build/bin/gprobe --datadir ~/.probechain

# Build the PROBE Language compiler
$ make probec
$ ./build/bin/probec -emit tokens example.probe

Installation

Prerequisites and build instructions.

Requirements: Go 1.15+, C compiler (for secp256k1), Git. All platforms supported (Linux, macOS, Windows).

bash
# Build everything (client + compiler + tools)
$ make all

# Run the test suite
$ make test

# Run specific package tests
$ go test ./core/...
$ go test ./consensus/pob/...
$ go test ./probe-lang/lang/vm/...

Configuration

Network parameters and genesis configuration.

json
{
  "chainId": 142857,
  "consensus": "pob",
  "pobConfig": {
    "period": 0,
    "epoch": 30000,
    "maxValidators": 21
  },
  "stellarSpeed": {
    "enabled": true,
    "tickIntervalMs": 400,
    "pipelineEnabled": true,
    "reducedAckQuorum": true
  },
  "token": {
    "name": "PROBE",
    "decimals": 18,
    "totalSupply": "10000000000"
  }
}

PROBE Language

An agent-first programming language with linear types and native post-quantum cryptography.

Key features: Linear type system (Move-inspired resource safety), register-based VM (256 registers, 64-bit words, 71 opcodes), native PQC verification opcodes (Falcon-512, ML-DSA, SLH-DSA), first-class agent primitives (spawn, send, recv), ASCII-only BPE-aligned syntax (~70 tokens/task for LLM code generation), and bytecode-level verification.

probe
// Agent definition with state
agent Echo {
    state {
        count: u64,
    }

    msg handle(data: bytes) -> bytes {
        self.count += 1;
        data
    }
}

// Linear resource type — cannot be duplicated or lost
resource Token {
    balance: u64,
}

// Transfer with resource safety guarantee
fn transfer(from: &mut Token, to: &mut Token, amount: u64) {
    require(from.balance >= amount, "insufficient balance");
    from.balance -= amount;
    to.balance += amount;
}

VM Architecture

Register-based virtual machine with 71 opcodes across 10 categories.

The PROBE VM uses 256 general-purpose 64-bit registers instead of the EVM's 256-bit stack. This maps directly to modern CPU architectures and enables efficient JIT compilation. Native PQC opcodes verify Falcon-512, ML-DSA, and SLH-DSA signatures without external precompiles.

opcodes
// 71 Opcodes in 10 Categories
Arithmetic   : add, sub, mul, div, mod, neg
Bitwise     : and, or, xor, not, shl, shr
Comparison  : eq, neq, lt, lte, gt, gte
Control     : jump, jump_if, call, return, halt
Memory      : alloc, free, load_mem, store_mem
Agent       : spawn, send, recv, self
Blockchain  : balance, transfer, emit, block_num
Crypto      : sha3, shake256, falcon512_verify,
              ml_dsa_verify, slh_dsa_verify
Resources   : resource_new, resource_drop, resource_check
Array       : array_new, array_get, array_set, array_len

Compiler Pipeline

From source code to verified bytecode in 8 stages.

Source Lexer Parser AST Type Check SSA IR Optimize Verify Bytecode

Optimization passes: Sparse Conditional Constant Propagation (SCCP), Dead Code Elimination (DCE), Common Subexpression Elimination (CSE). The bytecode verifier (Move-inspired) guarantees safety even for buggy compiler output — no resource leaks, no type confusion, no stack overflows.

bash
# Compile a .probe file
$ probec -emit tokens hello.probe   # Tokenize
$ probec -emit ast hello.probe      # Parse to AST
$ probec -emit ir hello.probe       # Generate SSA IR
$ probec -o hello.pbc hello.probe   # Full compilation

JSON-RPC API

Core endpoints for interacting with ProbeChain nodes.

POST probe_getBalance

Returns the PROBE balance (in Pico) of the given address at a specific block.

POST probe_sendRawTransaction

Submits a signed transaction to the mempool for inclusion in the next block.

GET probe_blockNumber

Returns the current block height of the chain.

POST pob_getValidatorScore

Returns the 5-dimension behavior score for a validator address.

GET probe_getAtomicTimestamp

Returns the AtomicTime timestamp (nanosecond precision) for a given block.

POST probelang_deployContract

Deploys PROBE Language bytecode as a smart contract. Returns the contract address.

Proof-of-Behavior Consensus

Five-dimension behavioral scoring replaces energy-intensive mining.

Validators are continuously evaluated across five behavioral dimensions. The total score (max 10,000) determines block production priority and reward allocation. Misbehavior triggers score-based slashing with potential demotion from the active validator set.

DimensionWeightDescription
Liveness25%Block proposal rate and uptime
Correctness25%Valid blocks produced vs invalid/orphaned
Cooperation18%ACK participation and timely responses
Consistency17%Stable performance over epoch windows
Signal Sovereignty15%RF block propagation and Rydberg verification
Research

Peer-Reviewed Research

Seven papers published on arXiv covering the theoretical and technical foundations of ProbeChain — from behavioral consensus to AI agent architecture and real-world asset tokenization.

Consensus · 2025

Proof-of-Behavior: A Consensus Mechanism for AI Agent-Driven Blockchain Networks

Ailiya Borjigin, Wei Zhou, Cong He

Introduces the Proof-of-Behavior (PoB) consensus mechanism where validators are scored on behavioral dimensions rather than computational puzzles or stake. The foundation of ProbeChain's consensus layer.

Cross-Chain · 2025

Behavioral Universe Network (BUN): A Framework for Unified Cross-Chain Interoperability Through Behavioral Consensus

Wei Zhou, Ailiya Borjigin, Cong He

Proposes a unified cross-chain interoperability framework built on behavioral consensus, enabling heterogeneous blockchains to communicate and transact through a shared behavioral trust layer.

AI Agents · 2025

AI-Governed Agent Architecture for Resilient Financial Infrastructure in Contested Environments

Ailiya Borjigin, Wei Zhou, Cong He

Presents an AI-governed agent architecture designed for financial infrastructure that must operate in contested or degraded environments — the theoretical basis for ProbeChain's Stellar-Class Resilience.

Decentralized Trading · 2025

AI Agent Architecture for Decentralized Trading on Post-Quantum Blockchain Infrastructure

Ailiya Borjigin, Cong He, Charles CC Lee, Wei Zhou

Designs an AI agent architecture for autonomous decentralized trading on post-quantum blockchain infrastructure. Underpins the Superlight DEX and PROBE Language agent trading primitives.

Tokenization · 2025

Element and Everything Tokens: Abstracting Real-World Asset Tokenization Through Hierarchical Classification

Ailiya Borjigin, Cong He, Charles CC Lee, Wei Zhou

Introduces a hierarchical classification framework for real-world asset tokenization — from elemental physical assets to abstract composite instruments. A new primitive for on-chain asset representation.

Compliance · 2025

Safe and Compliant Cross-Market Trade Execution on Decentralized Infrastructure

Ailiya Borjigin, Cong He

Addresses the regulatory challenge of cross-market trade execution on decentralized infrastructure — achieving compliance without sacrificing decentralization or transaction privacy.

DeFi Theory · 2025

Intertemporal Pricing of Time-Bound Stablecoins: A Theoretical Framework

Ailiya Borjigin, Cong He

Develops a theoretical pricing framework for time-bound stablecoins — digital currencies with built-in expiration, enabling novel monetary policy instruments and programmable fiscal stimulus.

Network

ProbeChain Mainnet

Live network parameters and resources.

Technical Whitepaper

ProbeChain V2.0 Whitepaper

Complete technical specification of ProbeChain V2.0: PoB consensus, StellarSpeed, PROBE Language, VM architecture, post-quantum cryptography, and Stellar-Class Resilience.

Read Whitepaper →
Source Code

ProbeChain V2.0 Source Code

Full Go implementation of the ProbeChain client — PoB consensus, StellarSpeed block production, PROBE Language compiler and VM, RadioEncap, and AtomicTime subsystems.

View Source →
Block Explorer

ProbeChain Explorer

Real-time block explorer with transaction tracking, validator scores, AtomicTime timestamps, and network health monitoring.

Open Explorer →
Documentation

Developer Documentation

Comprehensive guides for node operators, smart contract developers, and validator setup including PROBE Language tutorials and API references.

Read Docs →
142857
Chain ID
10B
Total PROBE Supply
18
Decimals (Pico)